Which is better retrobulbar or sub-tenon's capsule local anesthesia?

Subtenon's capsule injection of local anesthia is well known in operations of anterior segment but we are in need for more research in our university to use it in vitreoretinal surgery. Sixty patients received either retrobulbar or subtenon's injection [5 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine] to undergo vitreoretinal surgery. The level of intraoperative pain was evaluated twice using visual analogue scale. Also the [start time] was evaluated in both groups. Local anesthesia in both groups was effective in pain prevention [VAS

Hemodynamics monitoring during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: use of thoracic electrical bioimpedance [TEB]

The laparoscopic cholecystectomy approach has become increasingly popular since it has been demonstrated to be a safe and reliable technique with several advantages over standard open technique. By using Thoracic electrical bioimpedance [TEB] in this study, we were able to measure the effects of anesthesia, pneumoperitoneum, and patient position on the hemodynamic profile over time. By the use of TEB, mean arterial blood pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR], cardiac index [CI] and stroke index [SI] were measured at nine points in time during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 35 patients were encountered in this study. There were hemodynamic changes during the procedure. These changes were significant following anesthesia and CO2 insufflation. It gradually neutralized till reached normal levels after CO2 desufflation and by the end of procedure in the recovery room. Although it is a tremendous advance for patients, laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be associated with a significant reduction in cardiac output and blood pressure. Both surgeons and anesthesiologists must be alert to these changes. We propose careful hemodynamic monitoring during these procedures